(The explanatory part is in Bulgarian)
Известно
е, че преводът е важна част от междукултурната комуникация между хората. И
докато теорията на превода се опитва да адаптира различните теории и обяснения за езиците и да балансира
между тях, прилагайки онази част, която може да намери и практическо приложение,
то практиката на превода представлява превключването между езиковите кодове в
процеса на самия акт на комуникацията – устна или писмена. В този акт на
превключване на кодовете някои езикови системи се подчиняват съвсем естествено
на процеса, защото самите те го създават – фонетика, морфология, синтаксис,
лексикални единици. Съществуват обаче и гранични езикови области, които си
кореспондират както със самата структура на езика, така и с извънезиковата
реалност, която пряко или косвено отразяват. Такива са например фразеологизмите,
пословиците и поговорките, за много от които може да се открие еквивалент във
всеки един език, но съществуват и такива, които трудно се превеждат еднозначно
и за които обикновено е нужно по-пространно обяснение, отвеждащо към различните
национални реалии, които са резултат на различни исторически, социални,
културни и политически стечения на обстоятелства. Тук ще приведем някои полски
поговорки с английските им съответствия,
които навеждат на мисълта за езикови факти, които са плод на сходни мисловни
процеси и на сходно възприемане и
осмисляне на извънезиковата реалност. Те са интересен обект на изследване
както за теорията и практиката на превода, така и за билингвизма.
Polish: Ani kura za darmo nie gdacze. English: Nothing for nothing.
Polish: Anielskie usta a szatanskie serce. English: A honey tongue and a heart of gall.
Polish: Baba z wozu koniom lżej. English: When the woman gets off the wagon, horses
have an easier time.
Polish: Bez pracy nie ma kołaczy. English: Without work there won't be supper.
Polish: Bez soli smutna biesiada. English: Without salt the feast is spoiled.
Polish: Bogatemu to i diabeł dziecko kołysze. English: Even the devil rocks
a rich person's child.
Polish: Co ciało lubi, to
duszę zgubi. English: What likes the body will lose the soul.
Polsih: Co nagle, to po diable. English: The devil dictates when you’re in a
hurry.
Polish: Co kraj to obyczaj. English: Each country has it’s own tradition.
Polish: Czekaj tatka latka. English: You can wait till the cows come home.
Polish: Duch chętny lecz ciało mdłe. English: The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.
Polish: Dobrego i karczma nie zepsuje, a złego i kościół nie
naprawi. English: The good won't be spoiled in an inn, so the bad
won't be mended in a church.
Polish: Dobry żart tynfa wart. English: A good
joke is a penny worth.
Polish: Dopóty dzban wodę nosi, dopóki mu się ucho nie urwie. English: A jug carries water until its handle breaks off.
Polish: Gdy kota nie ma, myszy harcują. English: When the cat's away the mice will play.
Polish: Fortuna kołem się toczy. English: Every dog
has its day.
Polish: Gadał dziad do obrazu, a obraz do niego ani razu. English: A beggar talked to a picture, but picture answered nothing.
Polish: Gdy pies je, to nie szczeka, bo mu miska ucieka. English: Don't talk with your
mouth full.
Polish: Gdyby kózka nie skakała, to by
nóżki nie złamała. English: If the goat didn’t jump, she wouldn’t have
broken her leg.
Polish: Gdzie kucharek sześć, tam nie ma co jeść. English: Too many cooks spoil the
broth.
Polish: Gdy się człowiek spieszy, to się diabeł cieszy. English: When a man hurries, the devil smiles.
Polish: Gość w dom - Bóg w dom. English: Guest
coming into house - God coming into house.
Polish: Gdzie diabeł nie może, tam babę pośle English: Where devil cannot go, he will send a woman.
Polish: Gdzie dwóch się bije, tam trzeci korzysta. English: Where two are fighting, a third one wins.
Polish: Gdzie zgoda tam i siła. English: With unity
there is strength.
Polish: Grosz do grosza, a będzie kokosza. English: A penny saved is a penny earned.
Polish: Historia sie powtarza. English: Something
that has happened once can happen again.
Polish: I Herkules dupa, kiedy wrogów kupa. English: Even Hercules turns yellow in the face of many enemies.
Polish: Idzie luty, podkuj buty. English: When February comes, hobnail your shoes.
Polish: Jak Kuba Bogu, tak
Bóg Kubie. English: As Jake treats God, God will treat Jake.
Polish: Jak cię widzą, tak
cię piszą. English: How they see you, that’s how they perceive
you.
Polish: Jak sobie pościelesz, tak się wyśpisz. English: How you make your bed, thus will you rest.
Polish: Jestem człowiekiem i nic, co ludzkie, nie jest mi
obce. Englis: I'm human and nothing that is human is to me
strange.
Polish: Każdy sądzi według siebie. English: Everyone judges according to themselves.
Polish: Komu pora, temu czas. English: When it’s your time, you have to go.
Polish: Kowal zawinił a Cygana powiesili. English: The blacksmith was guilty, but they hanged the Gypsy.
Polish: Kropla do kropli i będzie morze. English: Drop after drop, there will be an ocean.
Polish: Kruk krukowi oka nie wykole. English: The crow won't bite an eye of another crow.
Polish: Kuj żelazo, póki
gorące. English: Strike while the iron is hot.
Polish: Kwiat bez zapachu, jak człowiek
bez duszy. English: A flower without a smell is like a man
without a soul.
Polish: Ładnemu we wszystkim ładnie. English: A pretty person looks
pretty in every clothing.
Polish: Lepiej późno niż wcale. English: Better
late than never.
Polish: Lepsza jedna panna, niż cztery wdowy. English: Better is one unmarried lady than four widows.
Polish: Lepszy wróbel w garści niż kanarek na dachu. English: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Polish: Los szczęście rzuca, ale nie każdy je łapie. English: Fate throws fortune, but not everyone catches.
Polish: Między młotem a kowadłem. English: Caught between
a rock and a hard place.
Polish: Mądry Polak po szkodzie. English: Smart pole after the damage is done.
Polish: Musi to na Rusi, w Polsce jak kto chce. English: In Russia you have to do things, in Poland you do as you please.
Polish: Najlepsze mienie - czyste sumienie. English: The best asset is a clean conscience.
Polish: Na pochyłe drzewo
wszystkie kozy skaczą. English: All the goats jump onto leaning trees.
Polish: Nie chwal dnia przed zachodem słońca. English: Don’t
praise the day before sunset.
Polish: Nie masz na upór lekarstwa. English: You can't
heal stubbornness.
Polish: Nie mów o nikim, nie będą o tobie. English: Don't talk about others, they won't talk about you.
Polish: Nie wszystko się godzi, co wolno. English: Not everything that's allowed is best.
Polish: Nie dziel skóry na niedźwiedziu. English: Don't count your chickens before they are
hatched.
